产品中心
产品详情
查看大图

  • 产品名称：R-Universal Buffer, 10x  AP0530-125

  • 产品型号：
  • 产品厂商：Aptum
  • 产品文档：
你添加了1件商品 查看购物车
简单介绍：
antigen-retriever经销商、原装进口、质量保证、更多产品问题请联系我司销售。
详情介绍：
One for All: the Universal Buffer

We are delighted to present our innovative and patent-pending R-Universal buffer for antigen unmasking/epitope recovery on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections. The "R" in R-Universal represents Retriever, emphasizing its compatibility with the 2100 Retriever device. Extensive testing of this buffer has been conducted in pathology labs throughout the UK, ensuring its efficacy and reliability. We are excited to make it available not only to Retriever users but also to researchers working with routine tissue material

The underlying processes of heat-induced epitope recovery are not entirely clear, despite various claims made in the field [1]. Heat, whether applied through a microwave, pressure cooker, or water bath, leads to protein denaturation, which is believed to expose linear peptide epitopes on the protein, thus improving their accessibility [2]. However, the pH of the recovery buffer plays a critical role in achieving the desired staining outcome with a specific antibody. If the pH of the buffer is not suitable for a particular antibody, it can result in unexpected staining patterns or even no staining at all, often leading to non-specific staining [3]. Consequently, a range of buffers is recommended, with each designed for a specific epitope, such as Citrate, EDTA, Tris at different pH levels (e.g., pH 3.5, pH 6, pH 8, pH 9.5, pH 10, etc.) [4]. It is also worth noting that while Tris-based buffers may work well in the microwave, their performance in pressure-cooker types of processing units is typically suboptimal.

During fixation and drying, calcium ions are known to precipitate in the tissue and can impact staining outcomes. Furthermore, formalin, commonly used for fixation, induces cross-linking between proteins and other molecules within the tissue. Formaldehyde primarily reacts with ε-amino groups of lysine residues (reversibly), while secondary reactions form irreversible cross-links between amino residues, amino acids, and DNA [6,7]. The proposed use of citraconic anhydride for epitope recovery is based on its reversible reaction with modified ε-amino groups, resulting in improved antigen unmasking [8]. However, it should be noted that citraconic anhydride is toxic and requires lengthy epitope recovery at high temperatures (+950°C). Additionally, in our studies (unpublished), we have observed weak reactivity of certain antibodies, such as those targeting transcription factors like TTF-1, with sections recovered using citraconic anhydride.

Lastly, certain epitopes, such as those found on epithelial markers Ep-CAM, GFAP, and others, require proteolytic processing for successful epitope recoveryAdditionally, the quality of epitope recovery is significantly influenced by the quality of fixation and processing. Factors such as the duration of fixation, thorough washing to remove fixative residues, and the temperature of the paraffin used can all impact the effectiveness of retrieval. In situations where large series of stainings are performed on collections from archives, which have been formed over time, there is a risk of variations in the efficiency of epitope retrieval. We have had clients who, prior to adopting the Retriever, experienced false negatives in up to 30% of cases, even for well-established markers such as the estrogen receptor. This highlights the potential magnitude of the problem when working with less routine antibodies.




姓名：
电话：
您的需求：